Automatic Requirements Engineering: Activities, Methods, Tools, and Domains – A Systematic Literature Review

Rosa Delima; Khabib Mustofa; Anny Kartika Sari

doi:10.29207/resti.v7i3.4924

Rosa Delima Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana
Khabib Mustofa Universitas Gadjah Mada
Anny Kartika Sari Universitas Gadjah Mada

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29207/resti.v7i3.4924

Keywords: Requirement Engineering, Automatic, Systematic literature review, software engineering

Abstract

Requirements engineering (RE) is an initial activity in the software engineering process that involves many users. The involvement of various users in the RE process raises ambiguity and vagueness in requirements modeling. In addition, traditional RE is a time-consuming activity. Therefore various studies have been conducted to support process automation on RE. This paper conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to obtain information about RE automation related to RE activities, methods/models, tools, and domains. SLR is done through 5 main stages: definition of research questions, conducting the search, screening for relevant papers, data extraction, mapping, and analysis. The data extraction and mapping are carried out on 155 relevant publications from 2016 to 2022. Based on the results from SLR, around 53% of the research focuses on RE automation in analysis and specifications, 40% focuses on elicitation, validation, and requirements management, and 7% focuses on requirements quality. NLP is the most used method in elicitation and specification, while for analysis, machine learning, NLP, and goal-oriented models are mostly used in automatic RE. Furthermore, many papers use specific models and methods for validation and requirements management. From the domain analysis results, it is obtained that more than half of the papers contribute directly to the RE domain, and some contribute to the development of RE automation in the software application domain.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

R. S. Pressman and B. R. Maxim, Software Engineering A Practitioner’s Approach, Eighth Edi. New York: Mc Graw Hill Education, 2015.

I. Sommerville, Software Engineering Ninth Edition, Ninth Edit. United States of America: Addison Wesley, 2011.

S. García, O. Romero, and R. Raventós, “DSS from an RE Perspective : A systematic mapping,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 117, pp. 488–507, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.03.046.

B. Wang, R. Peng, Y. Li, H. Lai, and Z. Wang, “Requirements traceability technologies and technology transfer decision support : A systematic review,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 146, pp. 59–79, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.09.001.

L. E. G. Martins and T. Gorschek, “Requirements engineering for safety-critical systems : A systematic literature review,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 75, pp. 71–89, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2016.04.002.

J. Vilela, J. Castro, L. E. G. Martins, and T. Gorschek, “Integration between requirements engineering and safety analysis : A systematic literature review,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 125, pp. 68–92, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.11.031.

I. Inayat, S. S. Salim, S. Marczak, M. Daneva, and S. Shamshirband, “A systematic literature review on agile requirements engineering practices and challenges,” Comput. Human Behav., vol. 51, pp. 915–929, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.046.

E.-M. Schön, J. Thomaschewski, and M. J. Escalona, “Agile Requirements Engineering: A systematic literature review,” Comput. Stand. Interfaces, vol. 49, pp. 79–91, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.csi.2016.08.011.

K. Curcio, T. Navarro, A. Malucelli, and S. Reinehr, “Requirements engineering: A systematic mapping study in agile software development,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 139, pp. 32–50, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.01.036.

S. Sepúlveda, A. Cravero, and C. Cachero, “Requirements modeling languages for software product lines : A systematic literature review R,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 69, pp. 16–36, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2015.08.007.

J. L. Barros-justo, F. B. V Benitti, and A. L. Cravero-leal, “Software patterns and requirements engineering activities in real-world settings : A systematic mapping study,” Comput. Stand. Interfaces, vol. 58, pp. 23–42, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.csi.2017.12.001.

S. Jayatilleke and R. Lai, “A systematic review of requirements change management,” In, vol. 93, pp. 163–185, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2017.09.004.

J. M. Pérez-Verdejo, J. Sánchez-García, J. O. Ocharán-Hernández, E. Mezura-Montes, and K. Cortés-Verdín, “Requirements and GitHub Issues: An Automated Approach for Quality Requirements Classification,” Program. Comput. Softw., vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 704–721, 2021, doi: 10.1134/S0361768821080193.

J. Biolchini, P. G. Mian, A. C. C. Natali, and G. Travassos, “Systematic Review in Software Engineering,” Ri de Janeiro, 2005. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-70621-2.

B. Kitchenham, “Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering,” 2007. doi: 10.1145/1134285.1134500.

K. Petersen, R. Feldt, S. Mujtaba, and M. Mattsson, “Systematic Mapping Studies in Software Engineering,” in Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, 2007, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 68–77. doi: 10.1142/S0218194007003112.

L. Zhao et al., “Natural Language Processing for Requirements Engineering,” ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1–41, 2021, doi: 10.1145/3444689.

M. Noorian, E. Bagheri, and W. Du, “Toward automated quality-centric product line configuration using intentional variability,” Softw. Evol. Process, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1–26, 2017, doi: 10.1002/smr.1870.

M. Bashari, E. Bagheri, and W. Du, “Self-adaptation of service compositions through product line reconfiguration,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 144, pp. 84–105, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.05.069.

H. Agh and R. Ramsin, “A pattern-based model-driven approach for situational method engineering,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 78, pp. 95–120, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2016.05.010.

A. Mokhtarian, A. Kampmann, B. Alrifaee, S. Kowalewski, B. Lampe, and L. Eckstein, “Agile Requirement Engineering for a Cloud System for Automated and Networked Vehicles,” in 2nd International Workshop on Autonomous Systems Design (ASD 2020), 2020, no. August. doi: 10.4230/OASIcs.ASD.2020.4.

E. Zavala, X. Franch, J. Marco, A. Knauss, and D. Damian, “SACRE : Supporting contextual requirements ’ adaptation in modern self-adaptive systems in the presence of uncertainty at runtime,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 98, pp. 166–188, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2018.01.009.

J. M. T. Portocarrero et al., “RAMSES : A new reference architecture for self-adaptive middleware in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 55, pp. 3–27, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2016.11.004.

A. A. Lopez-lorca, G. Beydoun, R. Valencia-garcia, and R. Martinez-bejar, “Supporting agent oriented requirement analysis with ontologies,” J. Hum. Comput. Stud., vol. 87, pp. 20–37, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.10.007.

Y. Abushark, J. Thangarajah, J. Harland, and T. Miller, “A Framework for automatically ensuring the conformance of agent designs,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 131, pp. 266–310, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.098.

A. Douglas, T. Mazzuchi, and S. Sarkani, “A stakeholder framework for evaluating the -ilities of autonomous behaviors in complex adaptive systems,” Syst. Eng., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 633–655, 2020, doi: 10.1002/sys.21555.

E. A. Oliveira, V. Maram, and L. Sterling, “Transitioning from motivational goal models to user stories within user-centred software design,” in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2022, vol. 3107.

R. Delima, R. Wardoyo, and K. Mustofa, “Automatic Requirements Engineering Model using Goal-Oriented Modelling with Text Pre-Processing Technique,” in Sixth International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC), 2021, pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1109/icic54025.2021.9632980.

B. K. Aichernig, K. Hörmaier, F. Lorber, D. Nickovic, and S. Tiran, “Require , test , and trace IT,” in International Journal Software Tools Technology Transfer, 2017, pp. 409–426. doi: 10.1007/s10009-016-0444-z.

C. Khatwani, X. Jin, N. Niu, A. Koshoffer, L. Newman, and J. Savolainen, “Advancing viewpoint merging in requirements engineering : a theoretical replication and explanatory study,” Requir. Eng., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 317–338, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s00766-017-0271-0.

R. G. M. Souza and P. C. Stadzisz, “PROBLEM-BASED SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION ESPECIFICAÇÃO DE REQUISITOS DE SOFTWARE,” Rev. Eletrônica Sist. Informação, vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 1–26, 2016, doi: 10.21529/RESI.2016.1502002.

R. Meis and M. Heisel, “Computer-Aided Identification and Validation of Privacy Requirements,” Information, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 28, 2016, doi: 10.3390/info7020028.

P. Cheng, J. Fu, and L. Chen, “Knowledge Transfer of Software Tool Development for Functional Requirements Analysis,” Comput. Appl. Enginerring Educ., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 131–143, 2016, doi: 10.1002/cae.21679.

M. Ramachandran, “Software security requirements management as an emerging cloud computing service,” Int. J. Inf. Manage., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 580–590, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.03.008.

Y. Matsumoto, S. Shirai, and A. Ohnishi, “A Method for Verifying Non-Functional Requirements,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 112, pp. 157–166, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2017.08.006.

S. Dey and S. Lee, “REASSURE : Requirements elicitation for adaptive socio-technical systems using repertory grid,” Inf. Comput. Secur., vol. 87, pp. 160–179, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2017.03.004.

D. F. Mendonca, G. N. Rodrigues, R. Ali, V. Alves, and L. Baresi, “GODA : A goal-oriented requirements engineering framework for runtime dependability analysis,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 80, pp. 245–264, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2016.09.005.

E. Stachtiari, A. Mavridou, P. Katsaros, S. Bliudze, and J. Sifakis, “Early validation of system requirements and design through correctness,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 145, pp. 52–78, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.07.053.

J. Barnat, P. Bauch, N. Benes, L. Brim, J. Beran, and T. Kratochvila, “Analysing sanity of requirements for avionics,” Form. Asp. Comput., vol. 28, pp. 45–63, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s00165-015-0348-9.

M. Elallaoui, K. Nafil, and R. Touahni, “Automatic Transformation of User Stories into UML Use Case Diagrams using NLP Techniques,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 130, pp. 42–49, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.010.

I. Gräßler, C. Oleff, and D. Preuß, “Proactive Management of Requirement Changes in the Development of Complex Technical Systems,” Appl. Sci., vol. 12, 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12041874.

G. Li, C. Zheng, M. Li, and H. Wang, “Automatic Requirements Classification Based on Graph Attention Network,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 30080–30090, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3159238.

K. Bhatia and A. Sharma, “Sector classification for crowd-based software requirements,” 2021. doi: 10.1145/3412841.3442005.

A. F. De Araújo and R. M. Marcacini, “RE-BERT: Automatic extraction of software requirements from app reviews using BERT language model,” 2021. doi: 10.1145/3412841.3442006.

K. Großer, V. Riediger, and J. Jürjens, “Requirements document relations: A reuse perspective on traceability through standards,” Softw. Syst. Model., 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10270-021-00958-y.

Y. Wang, T. Li, Q. Zhou, and J. Du, “Toward practical adoption of i* framework: an automatic two-level layout approach,” Requir. Eng., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 301–323, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00766-021-00346-4.

Y. Yang, Y. Bok, Z. Yang, E. Sheriff, and T. Li, “Goal2UCM: Automatic Generation of Use Case Model from iStar Model,” in Proceedings of the 14th International iStar Workshop, 2021, pp. 21–27.

C. Wiecher and J. Greenyer, “BeSoS: A Tool for Behavior-driven and Scenario-based Requirements Modeling for Systems of Systems,” in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2021, vol. 2857.

M. Oriol et al., “Data-driven and tool-supported elicitation of quality requirements in agile companies,” Softw. Qual. J., vol. 28, pp. 931–963, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11219-020-09509-y.

Q. Ramadan, D. Strüber, M. Salnitri, J. Jürjens, V. Riediger, and S. Staab, “A semi-automated BPMN-based framework for detecting conflicts between security , data-minimization , and fairness requirements,” Softw. Syst. Model., vol. 19, pp. 1191–1227, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10270-020-00781-x.

S. Reddivari, T. Bhowmik, and C. Hollis, “Automated support to capture verbal just-in-time requirements via audio mining and cluster-based visualization,” J. Ind. Inf. Integr., 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jii.2018.06.001.

R. Pinguie, P. Véron, F. Segonds, and N. Croué, “A requirement mining framework to support complex sub-systems suppliers,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 70, pp. 410–415, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2018.03.228.

H. Xie, J. Yang, C. K. Chang, and L. Liu, “A statistical analysis approach to predict user’s changing requirements for software service evolution,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 132, pp. 147–164, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.06.071.

K. Beckers, I. Côté, T. Frese, D. Hatebur, and M. Heisel, “A structured and systematic model-based development method for automotive systems, considering the OEM/supplier interface,” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., vol. 158, pp. 172–184, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2016.08.018.

T. Bhowmik and A. Q. Do, “Refinement and resolution of just-in-time requirements in open source software and a closer look into non-functional requirements ☆,” J. Ind. Inf. Integr., 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jii.2018.03.001.

I. Gerostathopoulos et al., “Self-adaptation in software-intensive cyber – physical systems : From system goals to architecture configurations,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 122, pp. 378–397, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.02.028.

V. Antinyan and M. Staron, “Rendex : A method for automated reviews of textual requirements,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 131, pp. 63–77, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.079.

S. Bagriyanik and A. Karahoca, “Automated COSMIC Function Point measurement using a requirements engineering ontology,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 72, pp. 189–203, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2015.12.011.

P. H. Hein, H. Nathaniel, and B. Markos, “Predicting requirement change propagation through investigation of physical and functional domains,” Res. Eng. Des., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 309–328, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s00163-017-0271-6.

T. Shah and S. V Patel, “A Novel Approach for Specifying Functional and Non-Functional Requirements using RDS ( Requirement Description Schema ),” Procedia - Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 79, pp. 852–860, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2016.03.083.

N. Argyropoulos, K. Angelopoulos, H. Mouratidis, and A. Fish, “Risk-aware decision support with constrained goal models,” Inf. Comput. Secur., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 472–490, 2018, doi: 10.1108/ICS-01-2018-0010.

D. Ko, S. Kim, and S. Park, “Automatic recommendation to omitted steps in use case specification,” Requir. Eng., pp. 1–28, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s00766-018-0288-z.

A. C. Kumari and K. Srinivas, “Comparing the performance of quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithms for the solution of software requirements selection problem,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 76, pp. 31–64, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2016.04.010.

C. Hettiarachchi, H. Do, and B. Choi, “Risk-based test case prioritization using a fuzzy expert system,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 69, pp. 1–15, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2015.08.008.

C. W. Mohammad, M. Shahid, and S. Z. Hussain, “Fuzzy attributed goal oriented software requirements analysis with multiple stakeholders,” Int. J. Inf. Technol., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 2345–2353, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s41870-017-0073-0.

D. Rajpathak, P. M. Peranandam, and S. Ramesh, “Automatic development of requirement linking matrix based on semantic similarity for robust software development,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 186, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.111211.

I. Hajri, A. Goknil, F. Pastore, and L. C. Briand, “Automating system test case classification and prioritization for use case-driven testing in product lines,” Empir. Softw. Eng., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 3711–3769, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10664-020-09853-4.

S. Liaskos, S. M. Khan, and J. Mylopoulos, “Modeling and reasoning about uncertainty in goal models: a decision-theoretic approach,” Softw. Syst. Model., 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10270-021-00968-w.

D. Adanza Dopazo, V. Moreno Pelayo, and G. Génova Fuster, “An automatic methodology for the quality enhancement of requirements using genetic algorithms,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 140, no. July, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2021.106696.

M. Aldekhail and M. Almasri, “Intelligent identification and resolution of software requirement conflicts: Assessment and evaluation,” Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 469–489, 2021, doi: 10.32604/CSSE.2022.018269.

S. Alzahari and M. Kamalrudin, “An Approach to Elicit Trustworthiness Requirements in Blockchain technology,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, vol. 1807. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1807/1/012031.

M. Singh and G. S. Walia, “Automated mapping of fault logs to SRS requirements using key-phrase extraction,” in Proceedings of the 2021 ACMSE Conference - ACMSE 2021: The Annual ACM Southeast Conference, 2021, pp. 138–145. doi: 10.1145/3409334.3452043.

N. Kengphanphanit and P. Muenchaisri, “Automatic Requirements Elicitation from Social Media ( ARESM ),” in CCCIS 2020, 2020, pp. 57–62.

N. Zeni, E. A. Seid, P. Engiel, and J. Mylopoulos, “NómosT : Building large models of law with a tool-supported process,” Data Knowl. Eng., vol. 117, pp. 407–418, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.datak.2018.04.009.

C. Liu, “An intelligent planning technique-based software requirement analysis,” Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 285–295, 2016.

Z. S. Li, C. Werner, N. Ernst, and D. Damian, “Towards privacy compliance: A design science study in a small organization,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 146, no. February, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2022.106868.

C. Kalloniatis, “Incorporating privacy in the design of cloud-based systems : a conceptual meta-model,” Inf. Comput. Secur., vol. 25 No.5, pp. 614–633, 2017, doi: 10.1108/ICS-06-2016-0044.

E. Casagrande, E. Arnautovic, W. L. Woon, H. H. Zeineldin, and S. Davor, “Semiautomatic System Domain Data Analysis : A Smart Grid Feasibility Case Study,” IEEE Transcation Syst. Man, Cybernatics Syst., vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 3117–3127, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TSMC.2016.2562501.

N. H. Bakar, Z. M. Kasirun, N. Salleh, and H. A. Jalab, “Extracting features from online software reviews to aid requirements reuse,” Appl. Soft Comput. J., vol. 49, pp. 1297–1315, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2016.07.048.

S. Feo-arenis, B. Westphal, D. Dietsch, M. Muniz, S. Andisha, and A. Podelski, “Ready for testing : ensuring conformance to industrial standards through formal verification,” Form. Asp. Comput., vol. 28, pp. 499–527, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s00165-016-0365-3.

C. M. Nguyen, R. Sebastiani, P. Giorgini, and J. Mylopoulos, “Multi-objective reasoning with constrained goal models,” Requir. Eng., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 189–225, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s00766-016-0263-5.

J. Misra, “Terminological inconsistency analysis of natural language requirements,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 74, pp. 183–193, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2015.11.006.

M. Gharib and P. Giorgini, “Information quality requirements engineering with STS-IQ,” Inf. Softw. Technol., 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2018.11.002.

F. Bargui, H. Ben-abdallah, and J. Feki, “A natural language-based approach for a semi-automatic data mart design and ETL generation,” J. Decis. Syst., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1–36, 2016, doi: 10.1080/12460125.2016.1158066.

A. C. C. Souza, F. L. S. Nunes, and M. E. Delamaro, “An automated functional testing approach for virtual reality applications,” Softw. Test. Verif. Realiability, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1–31, 2018, doi: 10.1002/stvr.1690.

P. X. Mai, A. Goknil, L. K. Shar, F. Pastore, L. C. Briand, and S. Shaame, “Modeling Security and Privacy Requirements : a Use Case-Driven Approach,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 100, pp. 165–182, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2018.04.007.

N. Niu et al., “Requirements Socio-Technical Graphs for Managing Practitioners ’ Traceability Questions,” IEEE Transections Comput. Soc. Syst., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1152–1162, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TCSS.2018.2872059.

S. Woldeamlak, A. Diabat, and D. Svetinovic, “Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering for Research-Intensive Complex Systems : A Case Study,” Syst. Eng., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 322–333, 2016, doi: 10.1002/sys.

W. Maalej, Z. Kurtanovic, H. Nabil, and C. Stanik, “On the automatic classification of app reviews,” Requir. Eng., vol. 21, pp. 311–331, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s00766-016-0251-9.

I. Morales-ramirez, F. M. Kifetew, and A. Perini, “Speech-acts based analysis for requirements discovery from online discussions,” Inf. Syst., pp. 1–17, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.is.2018.08.003.

C. Neureiter, G. Eibl, D. Engel, S. Schlegel, and M. Uslar, “A concept for engineering smart grid security requirements based on SGAM models,” Comput. Sci. - Res. Dev., vol. 31, no. 1–2, pp. 65–71, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s00450-014-0288-2.

E. Guzman, R. Alkadhi, and N. Seyff, “An exploratory study of Twitter messages about software applications,” Requir. Eng., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 387–412, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s00766-017-0274-x.

B. Aysolmaz, H. Leopold, H. A. Reijers, and O. Demirörs, “A semi-automated approach for generating natural language requirements documents based on business process models,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 93, pp. 14–29, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2017.08.009.

J. Horkoff, N. A. Maiden, and D. Asboth, “Creative goal modeling for innovative requirements,” Inf. Softw. Technol., pp. 1–16, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2018.09.005.

C. Li, L. Huang, J. Ge, B. Luo, and V. Ng, “Automatically classifying user requests in crowdsourcing requirements engineering,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 138, pp. 108–123, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.12.028.

A. Gupta and C. Gupta, “CDBR : A semi-automated collaborative execute-before-after dependency-based requirement prioritization approach,” J. King Saud Univ. - Comput. Inf. Sci., 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2018.10.004.

F. Shao, R. Peng, H. Lai, and B. Wang, “DRank : A semi-automated requirements prioritization method based on preferences and dependencies,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 126, pp. 141–156, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.09.043.

T. do N. Ferreira, A. A. Araújo, A. D. B. Neto, and J. T. De Souza, “Incorporating user preferences in ant colony optimization for the next release problem,” Appl. Soft Comput. J., vol. 49, pp. 1283–1296, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2016.06.027.

A. Rago, C. Marcos, and J. A. Diaz-pace, “Using semantic roles to improve text classification in the requirements domain,” Lang. Resour. Eval., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 801–837, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10579-017-9406-7.

Q. Khan, M. A. Khan, Q. Javaid, I. Ullah, K. Ullah, and M. Fawad, “A Rule Based Genetic Algorithm Technique for Conflicts Resolution in Requirements Engineering,” vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 8427–8433, 2016, doi: 10.1166/jctn.2016.5993.

A. Mustafa, W. M. N. W. Kadir, and N. Ibrahim, “Automated Natural Language Requirements Analysis using General Architecture for Text Engineering ( GATE ) Framework,” J. Telecommun. Electron. Comput. Eng., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 97–101, 2018.

R. Rios, C. Fernandez-gago, and J. Lopez, “Modelling privacy-aware trust negotiations,” Comput. Secur., vol. 77, pp. 773–789, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.cose.2017.09.015.

G. Lucassen, M. Robeer, F. Dalpiaz, J. M. E. M. van der Werf, and S. Brinkkemper, “Extracting conceptual models from user stories with Visual Narrator,” Requir. Eng., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 339–358, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s00766-017-0270-1.

J. Horkoff and E. Yu, “Interactive goal model analysis for early requirements engineering,” Requir. Eng., vol. 21, pp. 29–61, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s00766-014-0209-8.

C. Diamantini, A. Freddi, S. Longhi, D. Potena, and E. Storti, “A goal-oriented , ontology-based methodology to support the design of AAL environments,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 64, pp. 117–131, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2016.07.032.

W. Xiong, Z. Lu, B. Li, B. Hang, and Z. Wu, “Automating smart recommendation from natural language API descriptions via representation learning,” Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 87, pp. 382–391, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2018.05.006.

N. Daclin, S. M. Daclin, V. Chapurlat, and B. Vallespir, “Writing and verifying interoperability requirements : Application to collaborative processes,” Comput. Ind., vol. 82, pp. 1–18, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.compind.2016.04.001.

H. Kaiya and K. Haga, “A CASE tool for Goal Dependency Model with Attributes based on An Existing UML Editor,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 112, pp. 1196–1205, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2017.08.033.

F. Gailly, N. Alkhaldi, S. Casteleyn, and W. Verbeke, “Recommendation-Based Conceptual Modeling and Ontology Evolution Framework ( CMOE + ),” Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 235–250, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s12599-017-0488-y.

I. Hajri, A. Goknil, L. C. Briand, and T. Stephany, “Configuring use case models in product families,” Softw. Syst. Model., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 939–971, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10270-016-0539-8.

A. Rago, C. Marcos, and J. A. Diaz-pace, “Identifying duplicate functionality in textual use cases by aligning semantic actions,” Softw. Syst. Model., vol. 15, pp. 579–603, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s10270-014-0431-3.

M. Z. Alksasbeh, B. A. Y. Alqaralleh, T. A. Alramadin, and K. A. Alemarien, “AN AUTOMATED USE CASE DIAGRAMS GENERATOR,” J. Theor. Appl. Infromation Technol., vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 1182–1190, 2017.

J. M. C. De Gea, J. Nicolás, J. L. Fernández-alemán, and T. Ambrosio, “Automated support for reuse-based requirements engineering in global software engineering,” Softw. Evol. Process, vol. 29, no. 8 e1873, pp. 1–16, 2017, doi: 10.1002/smr.1873.

M. Zhang et al., “Specifying uncertainty in use case models,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 144, pp. 573–603, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.06.075.

A. Al-hroob, A. T. Imam, and R. Al-heisa, “The use of artificial neural networks for extracting actions and actors from requirements document,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 101, pp. 1–15, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2018.04.010.

J. Guo, M. Gibiec, and J. Cleland-Huang, “Tackling the term-mismatch problem in automated trace retrieval,” Empir. Softw. Eng., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1103–1142, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s10664-016-9479-8.

A. Benabbou, S. N. Bahloul, and P. Dhaussy, “An Automated Transformation Approach for Requirement Specification,” Procedia - Procedia Comput. Sci. - Inf. Technol. Quant. Manag., vol. 91, pp. 891–900, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.107.

S. Ouhbi, J. L. Fernández-alemán, J. M. Carrillo-de-gea, A. Toval, and A. Idri, “E-health internationalization requirements for audit purposes,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., vol. 144, pp. 49–60, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.03.014.

M. Kamalrudin, J. Hosking, and J. Grundy, MaramaAIC : tool support for consistency management and validation of requirements, vol. 24, no. 1. Springer US, 2017. doi: 10.1007/s10515-016-0192-z.

R. Sinha, C. Pang, G. S. Martinez, and V. Vyatkin, “Automatic test case generation from requirements for industrial cyber-physical systems,” Automatisierungstechnik, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 216–230, 2016, doi: 10.1515/auto-2015-0075.

T. H. Nguyen, J. C. Grundy, and M. Almorsy, “Ontology-based automated support for goal – use case model analysis,” Softw. Qual. J., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 635–673, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s11219-015-9281-7.

B. Tenbergen, T. Weyer, and K. Pohl, “Hazard Relation Diagrams : a diagrammatic representation to increase validation objectivity of requirements-based hazard mitigations,” Requir. Eng., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 291–329, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s00766-017-0267-9.

C. Liu, “CDNFRE : Conflict detector in non-functional requirement evolution based on ontologies,” Comput. Stand. Interfaces, vol. 47, pp. 62–76, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.csi.2016.03.002.

E. Sarmiento, J. C. S. P. Leite, E. Almentero, and G. S. Alzamora, “Test Scenario Generation from Natural Language Requirements Descriptions based on Petri-Nets,” Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci., vol. 329, pp. 123–148, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.entcs.2016.12.008.

M. Steinberger, I. Reinhartz-berger, and A. Tomer, “Cross lifecycle variability analysis : Utilizing requirements and testing artifacts,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 143, pp. 208–230, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.04.062.

K. Holder et al., “Model-Based Requirements Management in Gear Systems Design Based On Graph-Based Design Languages,” Appl. Sci., vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1–24, 2017, doi: 10.3390/app7111112.

F. Mokammel, E. Coatanéa, J. Coatanéa, V. Nenchev, E. Blanco, and M. Pietola, “Automatic requirements extraction , analysis , and graph representation using an approach derived from computational,” Syst. Eng., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1–21, 2018, doi: 10.1002/sys.21461.

M. Arias, A. Buccella, and A. Cechich, “A Framework for Managing Requirements of Software Product Lines,” Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci., vol. 339, pp. 5–20, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.entcs.2018.06.002.

A. Albers and A. Kurrle, “Using semantic metadata for continuous development of requirements and goals in the Smart Mobility domain - An empirical study,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 70, pp. 168–173, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2018.03.070.

I. Hajri, A. Goknil, L. C. Briand, and T. Stephany, “Change impact analysis for evolving configuration decisions in product line use case models,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 139, pp. 211–237, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.02.021.

T. Wolfenstetter, M. R. Basirati, M. Böhm, and H. Krcmar, “Introducing TRAILS : A tool supporting traceability , integration and visualisation of engineering knowledge for product service systems development,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 144, pp. 342–355, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.06.079.

C. Trubiani, A. Ghabi, and A. Egyed, “Exploiting traceability uncertainty between software architectural models and extra-functional results,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 125, pp. 15–34, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.11.032.

H. Femmer, D. M. Fernandez, S. Wagner, and S. Eder, “Rapid quality assurance with Requirements Smells,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 123, pp. 190–213, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.02.047.

A. Knauss, D. Damian, X. Franch, A. Rook, H. A. Müller, and A. Thomo, “ACon : A learning-based approach to deal with uncertainty in contextual requirements at runtime,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 70, pp. 85–99, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2015.10.001.

O. AlDhafer, I. Ahmad, and S. Mahmood, “An end-to-end deep learning system for requirements classification using recurrent neural networks,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 147, no. January, p. 106877, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2022.106877.

P. V. Nistala, A. Rajbhoj, V. Kulkarni, S. Soni, K. V. Nori, and R. Reddy, Towards digitalization of requirements: generating context-sensitive user stories from diverse specifications, vol. 29, no. 26. Springer US, 2022. doi: 10.1007/s10515-022-00324-2.

A. Zaki-Ismail, M. Osama, M. Abdelrazek, J. Grundy, and A. Ibrahim, RCM-extractor: an automated NLP-based approach for extracting a semi formal representation model from natural language requirements, vol. 29, no. 10. Springer US, 2022. doi: 10.1007/s10515-021-00312-y.

N. Handa, A. Sharma, and A. Gupta, “Framework for prediction and classification of non functional requirements: a novel vision,” Cluster Comput., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1155–1173, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10586-021-03484-0.

J. Frattini, J. Fischbach, D. Mendez, M. Unterkalmsteiner, A. Vogelsang, and K. Wnuk, “Causality in requirements artifacts: prevalence, detection, and impact,” Requir. Eng., 2022, doi: 10.1007/s00766-022-00371-x.

H. Elhassan, M. Abaker, A. Abdelmaboud, and M. B. Rehman, “Requirements Engineering: Conflict Detection Automation Using Machine Learning,” Intell. Autom. Soft Comput., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 259–273, 2022, doi: 10.32604/iasc.2022.023750.

W. S. Jang and R. Y. C. Kim, “Automatic generation mechanism of cause-effect graph with informal requirement specification based on the korean language,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11, 2021, doi: 10.3390/app112411775.

K. Kaur and P. Kaur, “SABDM: A self-attention based bidirectional-RNN deep model for requirements classification,” J. Softw. Evol. Process, doi: 10.1109/RE.2007.45.

A. Z. O. Salmon, P. M. G. del Foyo, and J. R. Silva, “A Formal Approach to Requirements Engineering of Automated Systems: Facing the Challenge for New Automated Systems,” J. Control. Autom. Electr. Syst., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 815–829, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40313-021-00731-y.

Y. Zhang, J. Kang, and W. Dai, “Non-Functional Requirements Elicitation Based on Domain Knowledge Graph for Automatic Code Generation of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems,” in IECON Proceedings (Industrial Electronics Conference), 2021, vol. 2021-Octob. doi: 10.1109/IECON48115.2021.9589564.

A. P. Yanuarifiani, F.-F. Chua, and G.-Y. Chan, “Performance measurement of a rule-based ontology framework (ROF) for auto-generation of requirements specification,” Int. J. Inf. Technol. Syst. Approach, vol. 15, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.5220/0005329904030410.

Z. Qi, T. Wang, and T. Yue, “Towards Efficient Use Case Modeling with Automated Domain Classification and Term Recommendation,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering, 2021, vol. 2021-Septe, pp. 30–38. doi: 10.1109/REW53955.2021.00011.

R. R. R. Merugu and S. R. Chinnam, “Automated cloud service based quality requirement classification for software requirement specification,” Evol. Intell., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 389–394, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12065-019-00241-6.

A. Sleimi, N. Sannier, M. Sabetzadeh, L. Briand, M. Ceci, and J. Dann, “An automated framework for the extraction of semantic legal metadata from legal texts,” Empir. Softw. Eng., vol. 26, no. 3, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10664-020-09933-5.

M. Singh and G. Walia, “Automating Key Phrase Extraction from Fault Logs to Support Post-Inspection Repair of Software Requirements,” 2021.

N. K. Singh, M. Lawford, T. S. E. Maibaum, and A. Wassyng, “A formal approach to rigorous development of critical systems,” J. Softw. Evol. Process, vol. 33, no. 4, 2021, doi: 10.1002/smr.2334.

A. M. Maatuk and E. A. Abdelnabi, “Generating UML use case and activity diagrams using NLP techniques and heuristics rules,” in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 2021, pp. 271–277. doi: 10.1145/3460620.3460768.

Y. Elrakaiby, A. Borgida, A. Ferrari, and J. Mylopoulos, “CaRE: a refinement calculus for requirements engineering based on argumentation theory,” Softw. Syst. Model., no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10270-021-00943-5.

A. Henriksson and J. Zdravkovic, “Holistic data-driven requirements elicitation in the big data era,” Softw. Syst. Model., 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10270-021-00926-6.

I. M. Subedi, M. Singh, V. Ramasamy, and G. S. Walia, “Application of back-translation - A transfer learning approach to identify ambiguous software requirements,” in ACMSE 2021: The Annual ACM Southeast Conference, 2021, pp. 130–137. doi: 10.1145/3409334.3452068.

J. Hochstetter, C. Díaz, M. Diéguez, and J. Díaz, “Proposal for a Classifier for Public Tenders for Software Based on Standard IEEE830,” in Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 1444 CCIS, no. August, 2021, pp. 73–88. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-84825-5_6.

M. P. S. Bhatia, A. Kumar, and R. Beniwal, “An optimized classification of apps reviews for improving requirement engineering,” Recent Adv. Comput. Sci. Commun., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1390–1399, 2021, doi: 10.2174/2213275912666190716114919.

M. S. Murtazina and T. V. Avdeenko, “An Approach to Extracting Ontology Concepts from Requirements,” Commun. Comput. Inf. Sci., vol. 1427, pp. 191–203, 2021, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-81200-3_14.

F. Bargui and H. Ben-Abdallah, “An ontology-based approach for automatic goal requirements engineering in data warehouse design,” Int. J. Inf. Decis. Sci., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 143–165, 2021, doi: 10.1504/IJIDS.2021.116494.

J. Fischbach et al., “Automatic Detection of Causality in Requirement Artifacts: The CiRA Approach,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 12685 LNCS, no. January, 2021, pp. 19–36. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-73128-1_2.

A. Schlutter and A. Vogelsang, “Trace Link Recovery Using Semantic Relation Graphs and Spreading Activation,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12685, 2021, pp. 37–53. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-73128-1_3.

J. Feng et al., “FREPA: An automated and formal approach to requirement modeling and analysis in aircraft control domain,” in ESEC/FSE 2020 - Proceedings of the 28th ACM Joint Meeting European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, 2020, pp. 1376–1386. doi: 10.1145/3368089.3417047.

M. S. Haris and T. A. Kurniawan, “Automated requirement sentences extraction from software requirement specification document,” in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 2020, pp. 142–147. doi: 10.1145/3427423.3427450.

Q. A. Do, T. Bhowmik, and G. L. Bradshaw, “Capturing creative requirements via requirements reuse: A machine learning-based approach,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 170, p. 110730, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.110730.

S. Fritz, M. Jaenicke, J. Ovtcharova, and H. Wicaksono, “Context-sensitive Assistance in Requirements-based Knowledge Management,” in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 2020, pp. 47–54. doi: 10.1145/3443279.3443306.

A. Zaki-Ismail, M. Osama, M. Abdelrazek, J. Grundy, and A. Ibrahim, “RCM: Requirement capturing model for automated requirements formalisation,” in MODELSWARD 2021 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development, 2021, pp. 110–121. doi: 10.5220/0010270401100121.

M. Osama, A. Zaki-Ismail, M. Abdelrazek, J. Grundy, and A. Ibrahim, “SRCM: A semi formal requirements representation model enabling system visualisation and quality checking,” in MODELSWARD 2021 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development, 2021, pp. 278–285. doi: 10.5220/0010271202780285.

A. Zaki-Ismail, M. Osama, M. Abdelrazek, J. Grundy, and A. Ibrahim, “RCM-Extractor: Automated extraction of a semi formal representation model from natural language requirements,” in MODELSWARD 2021 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development, 2021, pp. 270–277. doi: 10.5220/0010270602700277.

Y. Chen, S. Cao, G. Ma, and T. Li, “SAIP: A Prototype Tool for Semi-Automatic User Interface Prototyping,” in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2021, vol. 2857.

J. Fischbach, J. Frattini, and A. Vogelsang, “CiRA: A Tool for the Automatic Detection of Causal Relationships in Requirements Artifacts,” in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2021, vol. 2857.

R. K. Gnanasekaran, S. Chakraborty, J. Dehlinger, and L. Deng, “Using recurrent neural networks for classification of natural language-based non-functional requirements,” in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2021, vol. 2857.

M. Vidal, T. Massoni, and F. Ramalho, “A domain-specific language for verifying software requirement constraints,” Sci. Comput. Program., vol. 197, p. 102509, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.scico.2020.102509.

A. Gupta and C. Gupta, “CDBR : A semi-automated collaborative execute-before-after dependency-based requirement prioritization approach,” J. King Saud Univ. - Comput. Inf. Sci., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 421–432, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2018.10.004.

A. Zaki-ismail, M. Osama, M. Abdelrazek, J. Grundy, and A. Ibrahim, “Requirements Formality Levels Analysis and Transformation of Formal Notations into Semi-formal and Informal Notations,” in 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering & Knowledge Engineering (SEKE 2021), 2021, pp. 1–6.